Enzymes & proteins
- Creatinine
- Hemoglobin
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
- Bilirubin
- Albumin
- ALT
- AST
- GGT
- Creatine Kinase (CK)
- Fibrinogen
- Cystatin C
Biosensors
Biosensor Capabilities: What Can We Measure?
What biosensors can measure, how they do it, and how to take advantage of these advances to build an innovative wearable or connected medical device. Under the FDA’s 2026 guidance, software that analyzes a continuous biosensor signal — a CGM glucose stream, for example — is treated as a medical device.
Types of biosensors
ElectrochemicalOpticalFET-basedPiezoelectricBioluminescenceSemiconductorAntibody (immunoassay)ThermalNucleic acid-basedNIR spectroscopyIon-selective electrodeColorimetricFluorometricFlow cytometry-based
What can we measure?
Measurable parameters across biosensor categories.
Cardiac & cardiovascular
- Oxygen saturation
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Troponin
- BNP
- Prothrombin Time (PT)
- aPTT
- D-Dimer
Blood components & metabolites
- Glucose
- Lactate
- Cortisol
- Uric acid
- Cholesterol
- Hemoglobin A1c
- White blood cell count
- Red blood cell count
- Platelet count
- Neutrophil count
- GFR
- Insulin
Lipids, nutrients & ions
- Electrolytes
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- pH
- Vitamin D
- Triglycerides
- Vitamin B12
- Magnesium
- Zinc
Hormones
- TSH
- Free Thyroxine (FT4)
- PSA
- Estradiol
- Testosterone
- Catecholamines
Other markers
- Alcohol
- Body temperature
Using biosensors to advance medical care
Real-time data and multi-sensor wearables are reshaping outcomes: nano-biosensors for early molecular-level detection, AI-integrated wearables for continuous automated monitoring and predictive analytics, lab-on-a-chip point-of-care diagnostics, and telemedicine integration for remote monitoring.